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Qualitative Test for Urine Albumin (Protein) - Principles

Updated by Anonymous on Thursday, 15 January 2015 | 07:34

Qualitative Test for Urine Albumin (Protein)

Principles:
  1. Proteins, especially albumin and the globulins are among the most important of the organic constituents occurring in the urine. The quantity of albumin usually exceeds that of the globulins and while the terms “proteinuria” is more exact than “albuminuria”, yet the latter term is used commonly to designate that group of protein substances responding to the commonly employed qualitative and quantitative test for albumin.
  2. Normal urine may contain a minute of amount protein (about 0.075 gm. per 24-hour output) but this is too slight for detection by the simple tests in general use except when Exton’s or Spiegler’s reagents are used.
  3. All methods depends upon the precipitation of protein by chemical agents or coagulation by heat. Most are subject to some error largely due to the precipitation of mucin or other constituents. When a considerable amount of mucin is present it can be removed by acidifying with acetic acid and filtration. 
  4. Urine to be tested for albumin should be clear, preceded by filtration or centrifugation, if necessary, in order to detect small amounts of albumin. As a general rule, simple filtration through ordinary filter paper is sufficient unless cloudiness is due to bacteria. Very large number of bacteria, especially dissolved organism in alkaline urine, may yield faint traces of albumin. They are difficult to remove but this may be accomplished sufficiently for testing by centrifuging or by adding about 1 teaspoonful of purified talc, infusorial earth or animal charcoal to each 2 or 3 ounces, shaking well and filtering through two thickness of filter paper. Some albumin is also removed by adsorption.
  5. In extremely concentrated urine certain of the salts may interfere with tests for albumin. In such case dilution of the urine will render the test more definite, even through the concentration of albumin is hereby reduced. 06. Albuminous urine foams markedly on shaking and the foam remains a long time. This give a rough indication of the presence of albumin before test are made.

Methods for Recording Reactions: A wide diversity of methods for reporting qualitative tests is in use which accounts, in large part, for discrepancies in reports from different laboratories. A uniform method and terminology are urgently needed.
The following are recommended:




-
Negative
+/-
very slight trace. Cloudiness or ring can just be seen against a black background (0.01 per cent or less).
+ (1)
slight trace. Cloud in distinct but not granular; no definite flocculation. Or, the ring is sufficiently definite to be seen without a black background (0.01 to 0.05 per cent).
++ (2)
moderate trace. Cloud is distinct and granular without definite flocculation. Or, the ring is dense but not wholly opaque when viewed from above (0.05 to 0.2 per cent)
+++ (3)
heavy cloud. Cloud is dense with marked flocculation or the ring is heavy, wholly opaque and sometimes curdy (0.2 to 0.5 per cent).
++++ (4)
very heavy cloud. Heavy precipitate to boiling solid; or very dense ring. Represents 0.5 or higher per cent of albumin; 3 per cent albumin boils solid.



This page was last modified on January 15, 2015.
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